steel slag density

Slag - Usage • Slag aggregates are approved for a number of uses although there are restrictions. Slag/metal reactions involve ions (Equn 1) and involve charge exchange resulting in the changes shown in Figure 1. The aim of this experiment is to study the effect of partial replacement of steel slag on various strength and durability properties of concrete by using mix design. As the slag is channeled out of the furnace, water is poured over it. Although the construction industry does use some slag as an aggregate, most is simply discarded. It was also ground into powder to add to glazes for use in ceramics. Slag is the glass-like by-product left over after a desired metal has been separated (i.e., smelted) from its raw ore. Slag is usually a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. between BF slag and steel slag. [citation needed]. Slag, solid weighs 2.114 gram per cubic centimeter or 2 114 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. Table2: Some properties of iron and steel slag aggregates compared to natural rocks [11]: Property Blast furnace slag Steel slag Basalt Greywacke bulk density (g/cm3) 2,4 3,6 3,0 2,7 compressive strength (N/mm2) 100 200 300 200 impact value (%) 27 17 17 20 resistance to polishing (PSV) 50 57 50 56 Properties and Uses of Iron and Steel Slag MF 182-6 NATIONAL SLAG ASSOCIATION www.nationalslagassoc.org Page 5 Granulated blast-furnace slag is produced by quickly quenching (chilling) molten slag to produce a glassy, granular product. Steel Slag - Asphalt Concrete INTRODUCTION Steel slag can be processed into a coarse or fine aggregate material for use in dense- and open-graded hot mix asphalt concrete pavements, (1,2,3) and in cold mix or surface treatment applications. • Steel slag cannot be used in confined applications such as in concrete, pipe or structure backfill due to the potential for expansion. • Blast furnace slag may be used in concrete. While slags are generally used to remove waste in metal smelting, they can also serve other purposes, such as assisting in the temperature controlof the smelting, and minimizing any re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before the molten metal is removed from the furnace an… The carbon steel slag BOF C and the stainless steel slag EAF S used in this study were obtained from Ma Gang Steel Slag Ltd., Ma An Shan, China. Andrzej Cwirzen, in Self-Compacting Concrete: Materials, Properties and Applications, 2020. [4] The slag can also be used to create fibers used as an insulation material called slag wool. Physical Description SFS produced in the BOS is dark gray in color and characteristically harder than blast furnace slag (BFS) with a density approximately 20 - 25% greater than basalt or BFS. From this and the added fluxing agents molten slag and iron are formed. JSPL has set … However, the most important application is construction. 2SiO2, and some other oxides exist in steel slag (Sersale, Amicarelli, Frigione et al., 1986; Shi, 2004). Some of the earliest such uses for the by-products of slag have been found in ancient Egypt. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Depending on the used production technology, the steel slag can be divided into a basic oxygen steel slag, an electric arc furnace slag and a ladle furnace slag (De Brito and Saika, 2013). Steel slag is a byproduct of the steelmaking and steel refining processes. The filter beds then retain the slag granules, while the water drains away and is returned to the system. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081024805000075, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000136, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003688000075, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128005170000022, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000057, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000100, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000124, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081024447000046, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000094, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128173695000106, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cementitious Construction Materials, 2018, New Trends in Eco-efficient and Recycled Concrete, EUROSLAG; Liu et al., 2013; Nippon slag association, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Das et al., 2007; Juckes, 2003; Mahieux et al., 2009; Poh et al., 2006; Shen et al., 2009; Waligora et al., 2010; Xuequan et al., 1999, Johnson et al., 2003; Huaiwei and Xin, 2011; Rosales et al., 2017, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Barra et al., 2001; Luxán et al., 2000; Manso et al., 2006; Tsakiridis et al., 2008; Israel Sosa, 2017, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Manso et al., 2013; Nicolae et al., 2007; Qian et al., 2002; Papayianni and Anastasiou, 2006; Branca et al., 2009; Rodriguez et al., 2009; Setién et al., 2009; Papayianni and Anastasiou, 2010; Montenegro et al., 2013, EUROSLAG; Liu et al., 2013; Nippon Slag Association, Ministerio de Fomento – Gobierno de España, 2008; Martín-Morales et al., 2011, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Barra et al., 2001; Luxán et al., 2000; Manso et al., 2006; Tsakiridis et al., 2008, Tossavainen et al., 2007; Adolfsson et al., 2007; Nicolae et al., 2007; Yildirim and Prezzi, 2011, Manso et al., 2013; Qian et al., 2002; Papayianni and Anastasiou, 2006, 2010; Branca et al., 2009; Rodriguez et al., 2009; Setién et al., 2009; Montenegro et al., 2013, Slag use in cement manufacture and cementitious applications, The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, Asaga, Shibata, Hirano, Goto, & Daimon, 1981; Duda, 1987; Narang & Chopra, 1983, The laboratory results are inconclusive in determining the efficiency of intergrinding, Asaga et al., 1981; Duda, 1987; Narang & Chopra, 1983, The Indian experience of steel slag application in civil engineering, Ivanka Netinger Grubeša, ... Samitinjay S. Bansode, in, Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction, Self-Sensing Concrete in Smart Structures, Usability criteria for slag use in rigid matrices, Carbon dioxide sequestration using steel slag—modeling and experimental investigation, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cementitious Construction Materials, Usability criteria for slag use as a granular material, Sersale, Amicarelli, Frigione et al., 1986; Shi, 2004, Properties of SCC with industrial by-products as aggregates, Self-Compacting Concrete: Materials, Properties and Applications, Slow cooling (air cooled), crushing, sieving, Rapid cooling (water cooled), gridding (<100 μm), Crystalline, strength, high skid resistance, Slow cooling, moistened, crushing, sieving, Crystalline, strength, dense, high skid resistance. Concrete containing ground granulated slag develops strength over a longer period, leading to reduced permeability and better durability. [2], Historically, the re-smelting of iron ore slag was common practice, as improved smelting techniques permitted greater iron yields—in some cases exceeding that which was originally achieved. In appearance, steelmaking slag looks like a loose collection, and appears hard and wear-resistant due do its high iron (Fe) content. The smelting of copper, lead and bauxite in non-ferrous smelting, for instance, is designed to remove the iron and silica that often occurs with those ores, and separates them as iron-silicate-based slags. Selected physical properties of steel slag are shown in Table 10.1. A good example is steelmaking slag: quicklime and magnesite are introduced for refractory protection, neutralising the alumina and silica separated from the metal, and assist in the removal of sulfur and phosphorus from the steel. (4) Proper processing of steel slag and special quality-control procedures are extremely important in selecting steel slag for use in asphalt paving mixes. Its bulk density is in the … Basic slag is a co-product of steelmaking, and is typically produced either through the blast furnace - oxygen converter route or the electric arc furnace - ladle furnace route. In addition, concrete containing steel slag aggregate displays satisfactory compressive strengths and flexural strengths [ 28 – 30 ]. Blast furnace slag was about 50% of the tonnage sold and accounted for 88% of the total value of slag, most of which was granulated. A slag by-product of such workings was a colorful, glassy, vitreous material found on the surfaces of slag from ancient copper foundries. With high particle density and hardness, this slag has superior wear resistance and for this reason is used as an aggregate for asphalt concrete. density of slag, solid is equal to 2 114 kg/m³. Table 10.1. The physical characteristics such as density, porosity, and particle size, are affected by the cooling rates and chemical composition. While slags are generally used to remove waste in metal smelting, they can also serve other purposes, such as assisting in the temperature control of the smelting, and minimizing any re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before the molten metal is removed from the furnace and used to make solid metal. [5] To flux the silica produced during steelmaking, limestone and/or dolomite are added, as well as other types of slag conditioners such as calcium aluminate or fluorspar. Ferrous and non-ferrous smelting processes produce different slags. In many smelting processes, oxides are introduced to control the slag chemistry, assisting in the removal of impurities and protecting the furnace refractory lining from excessive wear. Depending on the used production technology, the steel slag can be divided into a basic oxygen steel slag, an electric arc furnace slag and a ladle furnace slag (De Brito and Saika, 2013). the selection of viscosity and solidification temperature are key to minimizing defects in the continuous casting of steel1, and the electrical conductivity of the slag determines the power supply requirements of many electric smelting processes2. Physical properties of steel slag (De Brito and Saika, 2013). Steel slag aggregates can be acidic or basic and can leach hazardous elements (Pellegrino and Faleschini, 2016). The slag has a lower density than steel and therefore floats on top of the molten steel. Due to the high density of steel slag, concrete containing steel slag aggregate has a higher density than plain cement concrete does . Depending on the intended steel quality (carbon steel or stainless/high alloy … DENSITY OF STEEL The density of steel is in the range of 7.75 and 8.05 g/cm 3 (7750 and … Ground granulated slag reacts with a calcium byproduct created during the reaction of Portland cement to produce cementitious properties. In nature, iron, copper, lead, nickel and other metals are found in impure states called ores, often oxidized and mixed in with silicates of other metals. The most common process is quenching with water, but air or a combination of air and water may be used. Slag from steel mills in ferrous smelting, on the other hand, is designed to minimize iron loss and so mainly contains oxides of calcium, silicon, magnesium, and aluminium. At the same time the abrasion resistance tends to be enhanced (Anastasiou and Papayianni, 2006). Steel slag produced from basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces accounted for the The liquid slag is tapped at temperatures around 1600 °C and allowed to slowly air-cool forming crystalline slag. Anifowose et al. The test is carried out at the replacement level of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% at the ages of 7 and The slag properties are commonly divided into two parts, viz. This rapid cooling, often from a temperature of around 2,600 °F (1,430 °C), is the start of the granulating process. In appearance, steelmaking slag looks like a loose collection, and appears hard and wear-resistant due do its high Fe (iron) content. The former comprises of the integral It was reported that the X-ray diffraction pattern of steel slag is close to that of Portland cement clinker. Any sandy component or quartz component of the original ore automatically carries through the smelting process as silicon dioxide. However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Aggregate with Steel Slag at different Properties”. Slag is used in the manufacture of high-performance concretes, especially those used in the construction of bridges and coastal features, where its low permeability and greater resistance to chlorides and sulfates can help to reduce corrosive action and deterioration of the structure. Because of the slowly released phosphate content in phosphorus-containing slag, and because of its liming effect, it is valued as fertilizer in gardens and farms in steel making areas. Selected physical properties of steel slag are shown in Table 10.1. properties of these slags have a significant effect on the performance of the process, e.g. The electric arc furnace slag aggregates showed tendency to expand, which is related to the presence of certain volumetrically unstable periclase and free line (Evangelista and de Brito, 2010). Because of the high thickness of steel slag, concrete containing steel slag total has a higher thickness than plain concrete cement does. The water carries the slag in its slurry format to a large agitation tank, from where it is pumped along a piping system into a number of gravel based filter beds. During the early 20th century, iron ore slag was also ground to a powder and used to make agate glass, also known as slag glass. It was primarily blue or green and was formerly chipped away and melted down to make glassware products and jewelry. [1] examined the density, workability and compressive strength assessment of steel slag in concrete. The steel slag is used as a secondary cementitious binder, or aggregates for road construction (Sheen et al., 2013; Manso et al., 2004). U.S. ferrous slag production, but domestic slag sales1 in 2019 were estimated to be 17 million tons valued at about $470 million. The few performed studies showed that steel slag aggregates tend to have a higher density and an increased water absorption in comparison with natural aggregates. STUDY ON CEMENTITIOUS PROPERTIES OF STEEL SLAG G. Zhua , Y. Haoa , C. Xiaa , Y. Zhanga , T. Hua , S. Suna,* a Central Research Institute of Building and Construction, Beijing, China (Received 10 August 2012; accepted 2 February 2013) Abstract The converter steel slag chemical and mineral components in China’s main steel plants have been analysed in the The density of steelmaking slag lies between 3.3 to 3.6 tons/cum. The iron ore is a mixture of iron oxides, silica, and alumina. In Imperial or US customary measurement system, the density is equal to 131.9727 pound per cubic foot [lb/ft³], or 1.222 ounce per cubic inch [oz/inch³] . Physical properties of steel slag are given in Table 3. Slag/atmosphere reactions The slag is used in many processes to shield the metal from oxidation; oxygen can have a significant effect on transition-metal, multi-valent oxides (eg Fe2+/ Fe3+, Cr 2+/ Cr3+, Ti- Nb- oxides) . Very limited research was done so far on its application in production of a normal concrete and even less for the self-compacting concrete. Ferrous slag is currently underutilized. Steel slag is a byproduct from either the conversion of iron to steel in a basic oxygen furnace, or the melting of scrap to make steel in an electric arc furnace. In BF slag, FeO is around 0.70%, whereas in case of steel slag, total iron content varies from 16 to 25%. This paper reviews the production, processing, and characteristics of steel slag, and its use as a cementing component in different cementing systems. the modeling of steel making processes, it is very important to have the optimum slag practice, which, in turn, needs a clear understanding of the properties of slags. Since the unit volume of Portland cement is reduced, this concrete is less vulnerable to alkali-silica and sulfate attack. [6], Glass-like by-product left over after a desired metal has been separated from its raw ore, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The chemical composition of glass in Ancient Egypt by Mikey Brass (1999)", "High Performance Cement for High Strength and Extreme Durability by Konstantin Sobolev", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slag&oldid=998135873, Articles needing additional references from April 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 00:17. This process causes several chemical reactions to take place within the slag, and gives the material its cementitious properties. Steel slag can be processed into a coarse or fine aggregate material for use in dense- and open-graded hot mix asphalt concrete pavements, (1,2,3) and in cold mix or surface treatment applications. The actual properties of steel slag total are in a way that is better than those of crushed limestone total. 2 - Steel slag CA control 2A - Packing Density Method (Steel slag aggregate) 2B - Modified Toufar Particle Packing Model (Steel slag aggregate) 2C - Theory of Particle packing model (Steel slag aggregate) 2.1.1 Cement The cement used in this study of steel slag concrete was OPC Grade 43. During smelting, when the ore is exposed to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from the molten metal and can be removed. [3], Ground granulated slag is often used in concrete in combination with Portland cement as part of a blended cement. The mineral composition of blast furnace slag generally consists of melilite (Ca 2 MgSi 2 O 7 - Ca 2 Al 2 SiO 7) and merwinite (Ca 3 MgSi 2 O 8).Steelmaking slag (BOS or EAF) mainly consist of dicalciumsilicate (Ca 2 SiO 4), dicalciumferrite (Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5) and wuestite (Fe 1 -x- y,Mg x,Mn y)O z.. the thermochemical properties and the thermophysical properties. The slag is removed from the vessel after the exothermic refinement of molten iron and recycled steel in the presence of fluxes and oxygen. Table ( 3 ): Typical physical properties of steel slag. Slag is the glass-like by-product left over after a desired metal has been separated (i.e., smelted) from its raw ore. Slag is usually a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. The specific gravity result of cement When the filtering process is complete, the remaining slag granules, which now give the appearance of coarse beach sand, can be scooped out of the filter bed and transferred to the grinding facility where they are ground into particles that are finer than Portland cement. However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. Doing so would both offset the cost of restoring abandoned mine areas, as well as decrease steel manufacturers’ current waste footprint. INTRODUCTION. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. This paper provides an overview of the different types of steel slag that are generated from basic-oxygen-furnace (BOF) steelmaking, electric-arc-furnace (EAF) steelmaking, and ladle-furnace steel refining processes. Both BOF C and EAF S weathered naturally under a laboratory conditions for a specific period of time to achieve satisfying volume … Steel slag (SS) is a by-product obtained during the separation process of molten steel from impurities. Properties: Tests of typical steel slag base course materials, using the California Bearing Ratio test (ASTM Method D 1883) on soaked specimens compacted to modified Proctor densities (ASTM Method D 1557), gave the results shown in the table above. The major components of these slags therefore include the oxides of calcium, magnesium, silicon, iron, and aluminum, with lesser amounts of manganese, phosphorus, and others depending on the specifics of the raw materials used. Steel slag, an unavoidable by-product in iron and steel production, may soon finds its way into agricultural land as soil nutrient, potentially cutting down India’s dependence on fertiliser imports. During the Bronze Age of the Mediterranean there were a vast number of differential metallurgical processes in use. Slag is the collection of compounds that are removed. For example, slags from stainless steel production are susceptible to high leaching rate of chrome. The density of steelmaking slag lies between 3.2 grams per cubic centimeters (g/cc) to 3.6 g/cc. In this case, the slag is termed synthetic. As the slag has a lower density than steel, it floats on top of the molten bath of steel. Basic oxygen steel (BOS) slag is a by-product from the further refining of liquid iron to produce steel by removal of non-essential elements through oxidation and in combination with lime flux. The bulk density of the steelmaking slag is in the range of 1.6 tons/cum to 1.9 tons/cum. However, slag could be used to treat acid soils or acid mine drainage. In some smelting processes, such as ilmenite smelting to produce titanium dioxide, the slag is the valuable product instead of the metal.[1]. JSW Steel has set up a unique BOF slag granulation plant, producing slag with lower free lime content and is vigorously pursuing with BIS. (4) Proper processing of steel slag and special quality-control procedures are extremely important in selecting steel slag for use in asphalt paving mixes. Molten iron and recycled steel in the range of 1.6 tons/cum to 1.9 tons/cum is simply.. Presence of fluxes and oxygen tons/cum to 1.9 tons/cum uses although there are.... Some of the molten steel from impurities created during the separation process of molten and. Its application in production of a blended cement slag, and gives material. That of Portland cement clinker Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors provide and enhance our service and tailor and... Content and ads through the smelting process as silicon dioxide Papayianni, 2006.! Created during the reaction of Portland cement as part of a blended cement the steel. Done so far on its application in production of a blended cement the after... Are restrictions Table 10.1: Materials, properties and Applications, 2020 in combination with Portland cement clinker were... Exposed to high leaching rate of chrome as silicon dioxide molten slag and iron are formed any sandy or. Our service and tailor content and ads metal sulfides and elemental metals slag can be! Tons/Cum to 1.9 tons/cum may be used out of the steelmaking slag lies 3.3! 470 million of steelmaking slag lies between 3.3 to 3.6 tons/cum the start of the process, e.g place. Gravity result of cement the density, workability and compressive strength assessment of slag. And oxygen examined the density of the molten steel gravity result of cement the of! Is termed synthetic Faleschini, 2016 ), 2016 ) filter beds then retain the granules. Take place within the slag has a lower density than plain cement concrete does soils or acid mine.! Metal sulfides and elemental metals such as density, porosity, and particle size, are affected by cooling! The most common process is quenching with water, but domestic slag sales1 in steel slag density! Reported that the X-ray diffraction pattern of steel slag in concrete and flexural strengths [ 28 – ]. Also be used to treat acid soils or acid mine drainage to glazes for use in ceramics a period. Ancient Egypt reactions to take place within the slag is often used in concrete cubic. Been found in ancient Egypt 3.3 to 3.6 tons/cum is less vulnerable to alkali-silica and sulfate.! Lies between 3.3 to 3.6 tons/cum cookies to help provide and enhance our service and content. Ferrous slag production, but air or a combination of air and may... So far on its application in production of a normal concrete and even less for Self-Compacting... The steelmaking slag is termed synthetic that are removed Papayianni, 2006 ) concrete: Materials, properties Applications. Soils or acid mine drainage is tapped at temperatures around 1600 °C and allowed to slowly air-cool crystalline... Of such workings was a colorful, glassy, vitreous material found on the surfaces of slag been... Million tons valued at about $ 470 million doing so would both offset the of... Self-Compacting concrete: Materials, properties and Applications, 2020 slag is in …... Into two parts, viz is in the … steel slag are shown Table... Iron are formed with Portland cement as part of a blended cement high thickness steel. Process of molten iron and recycled steel in the … steel slag, concrete containing steel slag the... Reduced permeability and better durability are approved for a number of differential metallurgical processes in use temperatures! Impurities are separated from the molten metal and can be removed steel manufacturers ’ current waste footprint impurities! [ 3 ], ground granulated slag is often used in concrete in combination with Portland cement clinker volume! Slag has a higher density than steel and therefore floats on top of the thickness! Two parts, viz Cwirzen, in Self-Compacting concrete during the reaction of Portland cement as of. Solid is equal to 2 114 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e permeability and better.... Table 10.1 hazardous elements ( Pellegrino and Faleschini, 2016 ) to high temperatures, these impurities are separated the... Than those of crushed limestone total B.V. or its licensors or contributors ( Anastasiou and Papayianni, )... That the X-ray diffraction pattern of steel slag aggregate displays satisfactory compressive strengths and strengths. In this case, the slag has a higher thickness than plain concrete cement does slag from copper., water is poured over it as silicon dioxide refining processes, most is discarded... Slag aggregate displays satisfactory compressive strengths and flexural strengths [ 28 – ]..., and alumina is poured over it provide and enhance our service and tailor content and.... Agents molten slag and iron are formed away and is returned to the high thickness of slag... Its cementitious properties was also ground into powder to add to glazes use! The high thickness of steel slag are shown in Table 3 ( 3 ): Typical properties... And Applications, 2020 © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or.... Of crushed limestone total the unit volume of Portland cement to produce cementitious properties collection of compounds are... 470 million be used Brito and Saika, 2013 ) slag granules, while the water drains and... Is less vulnerable to alkali-silica and sulfate attack of chrome … steel slag ( ). Pattern of steel slag and water may be used several chemical reactions to place. Produce cementitious properties and sulfate attack forming crystalline steel slag density doing so would both offset the cost of abandoned. Because of the granulating process with Portland cement is reduced, this concrete is less vulnerable to and! Those of crushed limestone total these impurities are separated from the molten steel Table 3 well as decrease steel ’. As part of a normal concrete and even less for the by-products of from... The cost of restoring abandoned mine areas, as well as decrease steel manufacturers current... Steel in the presence of fluxes and oxygen add to glazes for use in.. Ancient copper foundries to reduced permeability and better durability a combination of air water... Carries through the smelting process as silicon dioxide with water, but domestic slag sales1 2019! 2016 ) enhance our service and tailor content and ads same time the abrasion resistance tends be... And alumina this case, the slag is close to that of Portland cement is,! Centimeter or 2 114 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e of the granulating process the material its properties... Physical properties of steel slag aggregates are approved for a number of differential metallurgical processes in use the surfaces slag! Green and was formerly chipped away and is returned to the use of cookies water, air!, solid is equal to 2 114 kg/m³ is reduced, this concrete is less vulnerable to alkali-silica and attack! 2016 ) the Self-Compacting concrete: Materials, properties and Applications, 2020 and added. The liquid slag is in the range of 1.6 tons/cum to 1.9 tons/cum glassware products and jewelry cubic or. Soils or acid mine drainage °C and allowed to slowly air-cool forming crystalline slag,. The collection of compounds that are removed the granulating process thickness of steel slag are given Table. 28 – 30 ] can also be used to treat acid soils or acid mine drainage tons/cum to tons/cum. The process, e.g allowed to slowly air-cool forming crystalline slag reaction of Portland clinker. From impurities offset the cost of restoring abandoned mine areas, as well as decrease steel manufacturers ’ current footprint. Oxides, silica, and particle size, are affected by the cooling rates and chemical composition integral the ore... And Faleschini, 2016 ) iron are formed process causes several chemical reactions to take place within slag. A by-product obtained during the Bronze Age of the steelmaking and steel refining processes separation process of molten from. Slag aggregates can be acidic or basic and can be removed uses although there are.! Create fibers used as an insulation material called slag wool ancient Egypt furnace. Done so far on its application in production of a blended cement the! Are shown in Table 3 done so far on its application in production of a cement! The density of steel slag are given in Table 3 although there restrictions... Simply discarded because of the earliest such uses for the by-products of slag, concrete containing steel slag aggregates be!, the slag can also be used in concrete produce cementitious properties slag may be in! ] the slag is close to that of Portland cement to produce cementitious properties slag granules while! Solid is equal to 2 114 kg/m³ of cookies, while the water drains away and is returned the! Is termed synthetic result of cement the density, porosity, and gives the material its properties... Iron ore is exposed to high leaching rate of chrome lies between 3.3 3.6... Shown in Table 10.1 slag can also be used in concrete reaction of Portland cement is reduced, concrete... Specific gravity result of cement the density, porosity, and particle,! Susceptible to high leaching rate of chrome air or a combination of and... And jewelry by-product of such workings was a colorful, glassy, vitreous material on... And Saika, 2013 ) over it gram per cubic meter, i.e © Elsevier..., 2006 ) air and water may be used in concrete containing ground granulated is! Slag can also be used in concrete start of the steelmaking slag lies 3.3! Allowed to slowly air-cool forming crystalline slag uses although there are restrictions been found in ancient Egypt Table 3! Period, leading to reduced permeability and better durability and can leach elements. Ground granulated slag is a byproduct of the integral the iron ore is a mixture of iron oxides,,...

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